The Parisian club has now claimed the prestigious trophy on fourteen different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a perfect penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup victory.
The European champions seemed to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the showdown between the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup holders after Ousmane Dembele opened the scoring early on.
Yet, Marseille fired twice late to seize a shock advantage. Initially, Mason Greenwood converted from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking turn of events, the Portuguese striker grabbed a crucial leveler in the dying moments to force the match into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping decisive kicks from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and the young talent all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing penalty win.
The record winners PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the past thirteen years.